Record Low Water Levels Show the Effects of Long-Term Hydrologic Drought

U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey

Contact:
Wendy McPherson (wsmcpher@usgs.gov)
Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center
5522 Research Park Drive
Baltimore, MD 21228
Phone:(443)498-5500
FAX: (443)498-5510

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Updated: July 3, 2002

Streamflow and groundwater levels are showing the effects of the hydrologic drought that the region has been experiencing for at least 10 months. At the end of June, record low 7-day streamflows were set at 6 sites, and more than 80 percent of the real-time streamflow stations used to monitor drought across Maryland and Delaware had below-normal streamflow at the end of the month. Groundwater levels continue to reflect the long-term effects of the drought. Groundwater levels were below normal near month’s end at all of the 17 wells used for drought analysis in Maryland and Delaware, according to hydrologists at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Seven of these wells set record low groundwater levels for June (see graphs at http://md.water.usgs.gov/groundwater/).

For news release and images, visit:
http://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/press_release/current

Groundwater level data from the historic drought of the1960s were compared with the recent water level data, which includes data during the drought of 1999. Current groundwater levels are lower in most wells than during the drought of 1999 and the 1960s. These hydrographs can be viewed from the groundwater section of the groundwater website: http://md.water.usgs.gov/groundwater.

The USGS drought monitoring well with the largest deficit from normal is in Carroll County, Maryland. The groundwater level at this well is 9.64 feet below normal for June, breaking the previous record set in 1992 by 3.18 feet. The well in Harford County, Maryland, is 7.74 feet below normal for June, and has exceeded the previous record low set in June 1963 by 4.01 feet.

Record low 7-day streamflow was observed at Antietam Creek, Deer Creek, Little Falls (Gunpowder), Monocacy River, Nassawango Creek, Piscataway Creek, and Winters Run. Average streamflow at Deer Creek in Harford County, Maryland, was the lowest monthly June flow for the period of record. This is the fifth consecutive month with record setting monthly low streamflow for Deer Creek. Real-time streamflow is monitored by the USGS across the Nation and can be viewed at: http://waterdata.usgs.gov/.

Abundant rainfall in the upper Susquehanna River watershed has led to normal flow in the Susquehanna River. The Susquehanna River typically contributes about 56 percent of the total flow into the Chesapeake Bay, yet in June, the Susquehanna River contributed 75 percent of the flow. Streamflow in the James River was the lowest June monthly flow for the period of record. The James River contributed only 3 percent of the flow to the Bay, while the Potomac River contributed 10 percent of the flow. Streamflow in the Potomac River declining steadily to 1.4 bgd (billion gallons per day) on June 30, showing the effects of the summer heat and lack of rainfall. The monthly flow for the Potomac River was less than half of the normal flow for June (see graphs at http://md.water.usgs.gov/monthly/bay.html). Total flow into the Chesapeake Bay during June averaged 40.6 bgd, which is 2 percent below average June flow into the Bay.

June rainfall varied widely across the bi-state area due to summer thunderstorms. Rainfall at Baltimore-Washington International (BWI) Airport was 1.04 inches below normal, while rainfall at Reagan Washington National Airport was reported 0.68 inches above normal, according to the National Weather Service. Storage in the Baltimore reservoir system remained at 62 percent of capacity (third consecutive month) in June. The Baltimore region has been supplementing the water supply with water from the Susquehanna River since the end of January. Near month’s end, the contents of the Triadelphia and Duckett Reservoirs were at 67 percent of capacity.

Rainfall from scattered thunderstorms may temporarily raise streamflow levels, but most of the rainfall in the summer is used by plants or evaporates, resulting in minimal recharge to groundwater aquifers. The rapid decline in streamflows after a rainfall event is explained by the low groundwater storage. Streamflows in the summer normally are maintained by groundwater storage, which typically is highest in early spring, yet have been at record lows for months in central Maryland. Streamflow and groundwater levels reflect the long-term effects and severity of the hydrologic drought, and generally do not recover during the summer months.

Tracking streamflow and groundwater levels is essential to gauge drought severity and recovery. These USGS data have been provided to State and local water resource managers and are critical for making appropriate decisions on water restrictions. For more information on how the drought is affecting streamflow and groundwater levels in Maryland and Delaware, see Drought Watch at: http://md.water.usgs.gov/drought/. Please note that the streamflow and groundwater level data is provisional and subject to change.

The real-time streamflow stations used in this analysis are operated in cooperation with the Maryland and Delaware Geological Surveys, the Maryland State Highway Administration, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, the Maryland Department of the Environment, and other agencies. The observation wells used in this analysis are operated in cooperation with the Maryland and Delaware Geological Surveys. The USGS publishes data for 128 streamflow stations and 379 wells across Maryland and Delaware.

The U.S. Geological Survey is the Nation's largest water, earth and biological science, and civilian mapping agency providing reliable, impartial scientific information to resource managers, planners, and other customers. This information is gathered in every state by USGS scientists to minimize the loss of life and property from natural disasters, contribute to the sound conservation and the economic and physical development of the Nation's natural resources, and enhance the quality of life by monitoring water, biological, energy, and mineral resources.

** * USGS * * *

In-depth information about USGS programs may be found on the USGS home page at http://www.usgs.gov and http://chesapeake.usgs.gov/ for Chesapeake Bay activities.

Archived News Releases 2000-Present

2006

• 01-06-2006 Water Resources Plentiful at End of December 2005; Chesapeake Bay Flow Normal in 2005

2005

• 07-06-2005 Water Levels Fall as Summer Arrives
• 04-06-2005 March 2005 Water Levels Near Normal
• 03-04-2005 Flow Below Normal in Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay
• 02-07-2005 January 2005 Water Levels Normal to Above Normal
• 01-07-2005 2004 Ends with Normal to Above Normal Water Levels

2004

• 12-04-2004 Water Levels Remain Generally Above Normal
• 11-04-2004 Dry October Causes Water Levels to Drop
• 10-06-2004 Highest September Flow to the Chesapeake Bay Since 1937
• 09-03-2004 August Hurricanes Raise Water Levels in Southern Maryland
• 08-06-2004 Localized Flooding in Northeastern Maryland and Delaware in July
• 07-07-2004 Water Levels Normal to Above Normal in June
• 06-04-2004 Streams Return to Normal Levels in Maryland and Delaware during May 2004
• 05-06-2004 Streams Rise to Above Normal Levels in Maryland
• 04-07-2004 Streamflow and Groundwater Levels Fell in March 2004
• 03-04-2004 Streamflow and Groundwater Levels Normal to Above Normal in February 2004
• 02-04-2004 Cold, Dry January Leads to Drop in Water Levels
• 01-06-2004 Wettest Year Leads to Record-High Water Levels Including Third Highest Flow to Chesapeake Bay in December and 2003

2003

• 12-04-2003 More Record-High Water Levels in November 2003
• 11-04-2003 Record High Groundwater Levels in October 2003
• 10-03-2003 Flow to Chesapeake Bay in Water Year 2003 Second Highest Since 1937
• 09-05-2003 Third Consecutive Month of High Flow into the Chesapeake Bay
• 08-06-2003 Flow into Chesapeake Bay near Record High Levels
• 07-07-2003 Record Breaking High Water Levels in Maryland and Delaware
• 06-06-2003 Streamflow and Groundwater Levels High in May
• 05-07-2003 April Water Levels Normal
• 04-05-2003 Water Levels High in March - Water Restrictions Lifted
• 03-05-2003 Exceptionally Wet February Leads to High Water Levels
• 02-06-2003 Maryland and Delaware Streamflow and Groundwater Levels Remain Normal in January 2003
• 01-07-2003 2002: A Record-Setting Year for Low Groundwater Levels - Water Levels Recover to Normal in December 2002

2002

• 12-01-2002 Hydrologic Drought Wanes as Water Levels Rise
• 11-01-2002 Water Levels Rise Across Maryland and Delaware, But Drought Persists in Some Areas
• 10-03-2002 Water Levels Remain at Record-Setting Lows
• 09-05-2002 Groundwater in Parts of Maryland Reaches Lowest Levels Since 1962, Despite Late August Rains
• 08-06-2002 Drought Conditions Lead to 10 Record Low Monthly Groundwater Levels in July
• 07-03-2002 Record Low Water Levels Show the Effects of Long-Term Hydrologic Drought
• 06-04-2002 Groundwater Levels Reflect Long-Term Effects of Drought
• 05-02-2002 April Showers Not Enough to Raise Groundwater Levels
• 04-05-2002 The Drought in Full Bloom: Low Water Levels Result in Water Restrictions

2001

• 12-03-2001 Record Low Water Levels Set in November
• 11-02-2001 Dry October Leads to Low Water Levels
• 10-05-2001 Water Levels Low in Northern Maryland
• 09-07-2001 Water Levels Stable in August
• 08-06-2001 High and Low Water Levels in July
• 07-06-2001 Water Levels Continued to Improve in June
• 06-06-2001 Needed Rain Helps Avert a Drought in May
• 05-08-2001 Water Levels Still Normal in April, but More Rain is Needed
• 04-05-2001 Spring Rains Help Water Levels
• 03-06-2001 Water Levels Improve, But Are Still Below Normal
• 02-06-2001 Streamflow Still Low in Maryland in January
• 01-05-2001 Streamflow to Chesapeake Bay in 2000 Reflects Dry Autumn

2000

• 12-05-2000 Streamflow in Maryland Beginning to Show the Effects of Lack of Rain
• 11-07-2000 Despite Lack of Rain October Water Conditions near Normal
• 10-06-2000 September Water Conditions Above Normal in Maryland, Delaware, and D.C.
• 09-08-2000 August Water Conditions Above Normal in Maryland, Delaware, and D.C.
• 08-07-2000 July Water Conditions Continue Normal in Maryland, Delaware, and D.C.
• 07-07-2000 June Water Conditions Normal in Maryland, Delaware, and D.C.
• 06-06-2000 Water conditions begin to decline in Maryland, Delaware, and D.C.
• 05-05-2000 Water Conditions Continue to Improve in Maryland, Delaware, and D.C.
• 04-07-2000 Water Conditions Continue to Improve in Maryland, Delaware, and D.C.
• 03-07-2000 Water Conditions Improving in Maryland, Delaware, and D.C.
• 02-08-2000 January Streamflow and Groundwater Levels Still Low
• 01-06-2000 1999 Flow Into Chesapeake Bay Lowest Since 1960s Drought